A
Swiss reference letter code

„[Auslassung]: Fehlende Beurteilung der Führungsleistung und des Führungsverhaltens gegenüber den unterstellten Mitarbeitern“

What this German phrase in your Swiss Arbeitszeugnis (employment reference letter) really says about you – and which grade it hides.

Literal translation vs. real meaning

Literal translation (what DeepL tells you)

“[Omission]: Missing assessment of leadership performance and leadership behavior towards subordinate employees”

What Swiss HR actually reads

Omitting leadership performance and conduct toward subordinates is read as eloquent silence ('beredtes Schweigen'), implying unsatisfactory management skills (grade 3.5).

Hidden rating

Insufficient (grade 3.5)

German rating: Ungenügend (Note 3.5)

3.5
Swiss grade (1–6, 6 = best)

What it means in detail

According to Swiss legal precedents (art. 330a CO; BGE 129 III 177), a full reference ('Vollzeugnis') for a management position must cover leadership quality. Leaving this aspect out constitutes eloquent silence ('beredtes Schweigen'), prompting recruiters to conclude the candidate failed as a leader (Verwaltungsgericht ZH VB.2019.00365). This is a standard method for employers to signal poor management performance while avoiding direct confrontation.

How to fix it

The employee should demand in writing that the missing leadership evaluation be inserted, as its omission creates a hidden negative evaluation.

Suggested wording (German, for your HR department)

Der Arbeitnehmer sollte schriftlich die Ergänzung der fehlenden Zeugnispassage verlangen, da beredtes Schweigen eine versteckte Abwertung darstellt.

Hidden criticism detected (grade 3.5)

Under Art. 330a of the Swiss Code of Obligations (OR), a reference letter must be true but benevolent. Coded downgrades rarely come alone – the same letter often contains further codes or omissions.

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Relevant court decision

Telling silence & social conduct

Verwaltungsgericht ZH VB.2019.00365 vom 9. Mai 2020, E. 2.4

The Administrative Court of the Canton of Zurich describes the practice of “telling silence” (beredtes Schweigen): if a quality that would normally be mentioned is left out, the reader concludes that it is missing. Leaving out one group of people when describing conduct (e.g. superiors) is generally read as a hint at negative behaviour.

„Darunter gehört, wenn etwa bei der Verhaltensbeurteilung nur das Verhalten zu Mitarbeitern und Kunden erwähnt wird, nicht aber jenes zu Vorgesetzten.“

Unofficial translation: “This includes, for example, a conduct assessment that mentions behaviour towards co-workers and customers, but not towards superiors.”

Read the full decision (German)

Related phrases

Decode your entire reference letter

Upload your Arbeitszeugnis and get your overall Swiss grade, the number of issues found and a short legal assessment – explained in English.

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Read this entry in German: Bedeutung von „[Auslassung]: Fehlende Beurteilung der Führungsleistung und des Führungsverhaltens gegenüber den unterstellten Mitarbeitern“